https://zbiory.etnologia.uw.edu.pl/files/original/6239e80b1c0ab8780b9eb695db65e857.pdf 37772c7572b7078161357c7a54ba6ba8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Polska Sztuka Ludowa - Konteksty Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Relation A related resource oai:cyfrowaetnografia.pl:publication:3724 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context oai:cyfrowaetnografia.pl:3498 Title A name given to the resource Summary/ Polska Sztuka Ludowa - Konteksty 1960 t.14 z.1 Description An account of the resource Summary/ Polska Sztuka Ludowa - Konteksty 1960 t.14 z.1, s. 63-64 Language A language of the resource ang. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Państwowy Instytut Sztuki Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf PDF Text Text capture metadata for PDF documents Text о Р L I S QUARTERLY N. 1 H PUBLISHED BY O THE STATE YEAR BOOK SUMMMARY Jacek Olędzki - WAX VOTIVE THE VILLAGES OF BRODOWE NOWŁOGA WIELKA F OFFERINGS FROM ŁĄKI AND KRZY­ T h e c u s t o m a m o n g p e a s a n t s of m a k i n g v o t i v e o f f e r i n g s is k n o w n i n m a n y c o u n t r i e s o f E u r o p e . T h i s c u s t o m a l s o e x i s t e d i n P o l a n d , a l t h o u g h t h e r e is n o reliable ethnographic m a t e r i a l on this subject w h i c h w o u l d m a k e i t p o s s i b l e t o e s t a b l i s h t h e scope a n d c h a r a c t e r of this practice. J . Oledzki's a r t i c l e is the result of research m a d e b y t h e a u t h o r i n the n o r t h eastern regions of Poland, p a r t i c u l a r l y i n the K u r p i e region. A t t h e outset, t h e a u t h o r w r i t e s a b o u t t h e e x i s t i n g v i e w s o n t h e o r i g i n a n d h i s t o r y o f t h e c u s t o m of m a k i n g v o t i v e o f f e r i n g s i n E u r o p e , a n d n e x t expresses the v i e w that i n Poland, v o t i v e offerings w e r e most probably introduced f r o m Bavaria by the Cistercian O r d e r — about the 14th or 15th century, i n the p e r i o d w h e n t h e social a n d economic position of t h e pea­ sants w a s i m p r o v i n g a n d , i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h i s , t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of f a r m i n g a n d s t o c k - b r e e d i n g . T h e c u s t o m was to ensure successful stock-breeding, cattle rearing and p o u l t r y breeding. This custom was a conti­ n u a t i o n of t h e recreation practices w h i c h at t h a t t i m e were d y i n g o u t o w i n g to the spread of the catholic r e l i g i o n i n the Polish countryside. I n the 16th c e n t u r y there are u n d o u b t e d proofs of the practice of v o t i v e offerings. A p a r t f r o m the v o t i v e offerings of the „rich" people, made f r o m gold a n d silver, the c o m m o n people made t h e i r o w n v o t i v e offerings f r o m w a x . S u c h v o t i v e o f f e r i n g s w e r e also k n o w n i n S l o v a k i a , B a v a r i a a n d t h e T y r o l , b u t t h e r e , t h e y w e r e soon replaced b y i r o n v o t i v e offerings, w h i l e i n Poland, most probably o w i n g to poverty, only the w a x f o r m of o f f e r i n g continued. T h e y w e r e the peasants' wax t r i b u t e to the C h u r c h . H o w e v e r , o w i n g to difficulties i n o b t a i n i n g wax, etc, as t i m e went, on, church helpers engaged i n m a k i n g v o t i v e offerings a n d they became an object of exchange f o r offerings i n money a n d f o o d t o t h e C h u r c h f r o m b e l i e v e r s . T h e f o r m of t h e votive offerings themselves changed a n d became m o r e u n i f o r m . B u t as f r o m t h e 1 6 t h c e n t u r y t h e r e was a decline i n the p o p u l a r i t y of this custom a m o n g t h e p e a s a n t r y so t h a t i t i s n o w v e r y r a r e l y p r a c t i c e d . D u r i n g h i s r e s e a r c h w o r k i n n o r t h east P o l a n d , t h e author o n l y met w i t h votive offerings i n t w o pa­ rishes: i n t h e K u r p i e region — B r o d o w e Łąki, a n d i n t h e Przasnysz District — Krzynowłoga Wjelka. T h e p r e s e r v a t i o n o f t h i s c u s t o m i n these places c a n be e x p l a i n e d b y t h e e c o n o m i c b a c k w a r d n e s s of t h a t area, its distance f r o m i m p o r t a n t c o m m u n i c a t i o n cen­ tres a n d routes. T h e c h u r c h i n Krzynowłoga was e r e c t e d as f a r b a c k as t h e 1 3 t h c e n t u r y , w h i l e t h e c h u r c h i n B r o d o w e Łąki was b u i l t i n the 19th cen­ tury. T h e c u s t o m o f m a k i n g v o t i v e o f f e r i n g s is o b s e r ­ ved i n b o t h parishes on the Day of the T r a n s f i g u r a t i o n ( A u g u s t 6 t h ) a n d i n K r z y n o w ł o g a t h e c u s t o m is a d d i ­ t i o n a l l y o b s e r v e d o n F e b r u a r y 1 4 t h — St. V a l e n t i n e ' s D a y L K INSTITUTE A OF XIV R T ART I960 OF ARTICLES ( t h e p a t r o n s a i n t of t h e c h u r c h ) . T h e p r a c t i c e of m a k i n g t h e s e o f f e r i n g s has u n d e r g o n e c e r t a i n changes a n d t o d a y i t is n o t t h e s a m e i n b o t h of t h e s e p a ­ rishes. T h e v o t i v e offerings are m a d e b y so-called „ b r a s t e w n y " (peasants k n o w n f o r t h e i r h o n e s t y a n d piety, engaged i n m a k i n g v o t i v e offerings, hiring t h e m o u t , etc). I n K r z y n o w ł o g a t h e v o t i v e o f f e r i n g s w e r e m a d e s e v e r a l score y e a r s ago, w h i l e i n B r o d o w e Ł ą k i t h e y a r e n e w l y m a d e each t i m e b y t h e „ b r a s ­ tewny": M o s t of t h e v o t i v e o f f e r i n g s t a k e t h e f o r m of a n i m a l s - p a r t i c u l a r l y horses ( f i g . 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11), t h e r e a r e also c o w s ( f i g . 14, 15), c a l v e s ( f i g . 16), sheep, v e r y r a r e l y p i g s ( f i g . 17). S o m e o t h e r s r e p r e s e n t d o ­ mestic p o u l t r y ( f i g . 1 8 - 2 3 ) , b u t t h e y a r e less p o p u l a r i n Krzynowłoga. O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , one f i n d s t h e r e v o t i v e o f f e r i n g s i n t h e f o r m of bees ( f i g . 24) a n d h i v e s ( f i g . 25), w h i c h d o n o t e x i s t i n B r o d o w e Ł ą k i . A s e p a r a t e a n d less n u m e r o u s g r o u p r e p r e s e n t s y m ­ b o l s o f h e a l t h a n d success: a „ r i n g " , w r e a t h s , b a l l s , a n d , i n K r z y n o w ł o g a — h e a r t s , j a w s , legs, arms ( f i g . 4). I n b o t h p a r i s h e s t h e v o t i v e o f f e r i n g of a „ c h i l d " is k n o w n ( f i g . 27, 28, 29), a l t h o u g h i t appears v e r y r a r e l y in B r o d o w e Łąki, like the „hearts", legs" a n d „arms", w h i c h are f o u n d v e r y often however i n Krzynowłoga. The author explains the difference i n subjects of interest between b o t h parishes, t h e differences i n the social m i l i e u s a n d conditions of life, s h o w i n g the stronger influence of bourgeois ideals i n Krzynowłoga, w h e r e the p o ­ p u l a t i o n is c o m p o s e d o f t h e d e s c e n d e n t s of f o r m e r nobles. T h e a u t h o r also o b s e r v e d d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e a r t i ­ s t i c f o r m of t h e v o t i v e o f f e r i n g s , w h i c h i n K r z y n o ­ włoga are closely connected w i t h t h e properties o f the m a t e r i a l s used t o m a k e t h e m w h i l e i n B r o d o w e Łąki t h e y a r e s i m i l a r to t h e s c h e m a t i c d e s i g n of t h e d o u g h figures still widely made i n the K u r p i e region ( f i g . 30, 3 1 , 32, 33, 34). T h e B r o d o w e v o t i v e o f f e r i n g s a r e u s u a l l y 12—14 c m . h i g h , w h i l e t h o s e m a d e i n K r z y n o w ł o g a a r e u s u a l l y 6—7 c m . I n spite of these differences i n f o r m , t h e v o t i v e offerings f r o m b o t h parishes have a n u m b e r of fea­ tures i n c o m m o n — p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t h e w a y of seeing the objects represented, i n t h e l a p i d a r y approach a n d e l o q u e n c e of f o r m . T h e v o t i v e o f f e r i n g s d i f f e r f r o m all other folk sculptures, above a l l i n t h e i r function — t h e y are not m a d e to satisfy aesthetic needs — b u t e x c l u s i v e l y f o r g a i n i n g c e r t a i n graces f r o m G o d . T h i s specific f u n c t i o n determines b o t h t h e subject a n d t h e general artistic expression of these wax votive offerings. Aleksander Błachowskt THE FOLK ART OF P A I N T E D CHESTS FROM RESEARCH ON THE OPOLE REGION. O n t h e basis o f m a t e r i a l c o l l e c t e d d u r i n g r e s e a r c h i n t h e O p o l e r e g i o n (1953) t h e a u t h o r m a k e s a n a n a ­ l y s i s of t h e p a i n t e d chests f r o m t h i s r e g i o n . The 63 T �O p o l e chests a r e m a d e f r o m pine wood and arc r e c t a n g u l a r i n shape. T h e y a r e d e c o r a t e d w i t h p a i n ­ t e d o r n a m e n t a t i o n , _ t h e f r o n t o f t h e chests is d i v i ­ ded i n t o t w o squares f i l l e d w i t h t r a i l i n g f l o w e r resigns. T h e r a n g e of c o l o u r s u s e d is r e l a t i v e l y b r o a d . T h e o r n a m e n t a t i o n has several common elements and t h i s p o i n t s t o t h e e x i s t e n c e of a d e f i n i t e r e g i o n a l group. B u t there are h o w e v e r v a r i a t i o n s i n the t y ­ p i c a l e l e m e n t s . T h e a u t h o r g i v e s as e x a m p l e s chests f r o m t h e O l e s n o ( f i g . 2—9, 12, 15, 16—22), K l u c z ­ b o r k ( f i g . 10 - ) a n d S t r z e l c e ( f i g . 13, 14) d i s t r i c t s , p o i n t i n g to the characteristic differences i n construc­ tion and decoration. A f t e r analysing the different t y p e s , t h e a u t h o r m a k e s a c o m p a r s i o n b e t w e e n chests from Opole and from Upper Silesia, remarking a n u m b e r of c o m m o n f e a t u r e s , b o t h w i t h r e g a r d t o t h e a r r a n g e m e n t of t h e o r n a m e n t a t i o n a n d f i n a l l y the v e r y composition of the decoration. B u t a p a r t f r o m these c o m m o n f e a t u r e s , t h e O p o l e chests d i f f e r f r o m t h e U p p e r Silesian ones, both in their richer ornamentation and colour scheme, a n d i n a n u m b e r of details w h i c h give t h e m t h e i r o w n special appearance. Olga Mulkiewicz - OPEN-WORK WOVEN FABRICS T h e F o l k A r t Research Section at the State I n s t i ­ t u t e o f A r t has c o l l e c t e d m a t e r i a l o n o p e n - w o r k w o v e n fabrics i n Podlasie region a n d the n o r t h e r n part of L u b l i n region. „ T h o u g h t h i s t e c h n i q u e is a l i e n t o t r a d i t i o n a l r u r a l methods of w e a v i n g — Miss M u l k i e w i c z w r i t e s — i t is w o r t h y o f b e i n g s t u d i e d p r e c i s e l y because o f i t s peculiar character, differing m u c h f r o m traditional m e t h o d s of w e a v i n g a n d also because i t is q u i t e f r e q u e n t l y used n o w . I t was not possible to ascertain w h o i n v e n t e d t h i s t e c h n i q u e o f w e a v i n g , b u t i t is certain that i t was u n k n o w n before the Twenties a n d possibly i t was i n t r o d u c e d o n l y after the Second World War." T h e authoress gives a d e t a i l e d d e s c r i p t i o n of the open-work weaving technique a n d w r i t e s that the f i n i s h i n g stage is t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t one, because h e r e b y f a s t e n i n g loose s k e i n s o f y a r n t h e w e a v e r can o b t a i n v a r i o u s designs w h i c h , j u d g e d b y the collected m a t e r i a l , are q u i t e l i m i t e d i n n u m b e r . Because of their character open-work woven f a b r i c s a r e m o s t l y used as t a b l e - c l o t h s o r c u r t a i n s . Zbigniew Jasiewicz FERS F R O M T H E - M O U L D FOR B A K I N G WA­ VICINITY OF MIĘDZYRZECZE T h e a u t h o r o f t h e a r t i c l e discusses one of t h e most interesting folk art relics f r o m the Lubusz r e g i o n , f o u n d i n K a l s k i n 1958 b y a g r o u p of P o l i s h e t h n o g r a p h e r s . I t is a d e c o r a t e d i r o n o b j e c t ( t i t l e page) a n d t h e d e c o r a t i v e m o t i f s a n d t h e i r p r i m i t i v e a r r a n g e m e n t ( f i g . 1) p o i n t t o i t s f o l k o r i g i n . F u r t h e r research revealed t h a t this object h a d been used f o r b a k i n g wafers. The very unique decorative motifs a n d t h e t e c h n i q u e u s e d i n d e c o r a t i o n , s h o w i n g basic differences between the K a l s k tongs a n d analogical relics found i n B r a n d e n b u r g a n d L o w e r Saxony lead one t o a t t r i b u t e i t t o t h e r e g i o n i n w h i c h i t w a s f o u n d . T h e m o t i f — a b u n c h o f g r a p e s — is k n o w n f r o m t h e e m b r o i d e r y of t h e L u b u s z r e g i o n . I t is also k n o w n that the b a k i n g of wafers (factory made, it is t r u e ) w a s v e r y w i d e s p r e a d i n t h i s r e g i o n . O u r r e s e a r c h l e a d s us t o t h e c o n c l u s i o n t h a t t h e b a k i n g m o u l d f o u n d dates b a c k to t h e 1 9 t h c e n t u r y . St. F. Cajerski - MATERIALS OF T H E POTTERY CENTRES SURROUNDING DISTRICTS FOR T H E HISTORY IN POTYLICZ AND The author publishes materials f r o m various ar­ chive collections. T h e oldest documents (materials f r o m i n s p e c t i o n s a n d i n v e n t o r i e s ) d a t i n g b a c k t o 1460, 64 concern Potylicz a n d g i v e i n f o r m a t i o n as t o the n u m b e r of potters w o r k i n g there a n d t h e i r duties u p t i l l t h e t i m e of t h e p a r t i t i o n s o f P o l a n d (1772). I n the period after the partitions, Potylicz was still famous for its pottery. M a t e r i a l collected b y the State A r t I n s t i t u t e t h r o w s l i g h t on the p e r i o d pre­ c e d i n g t h e F i r s t W o r l d W a r , w h e n t h e r e w e r e 10 p o t ­ ters w o r k i n g there, w h i l e i n the i n t e r - w a r period, 10 p o t t e r y w o r k s h o p s w e r e o p e r a t i n g i n w h i c h t h e p o t t e r s w o r k e d as p a i d l a b o u r e r s . T h e i r p r o d u c t s w e r e w i d e l y sold. A n o t h e r pottery centre near Potylicz — Dziewię­ c i e r z — also h a s o l d t r a d i t i o n s , i n v e n t o r i e s " s h o w t h a t the n u m b e r of potters w o r k i n g there varies a g r e a t d e a l ( f o r i n s t a n c e , i n 1710 — 17 a n d i n 1 7 1 6 4) a n d also g i v e a n i d e a o f t h e i r d u t i e s t o t h e c o u r t . B e f o r e 1939 a n d i n t h e f i r s t y e a r s a f t e r t h e S e c o n d W o r l d W a r 10 p o t t e r s w e r e w o r k i n g h e r e . T h e y p r o ­ duced c o o k i n g pots a n d ceramic w a r e , t h e i r products b e i n g s o l d w i d e l y i n a n u m b e r of places. T h e a u t h o r adds here some i n f o r m a t i o n about s m a l l e r c e n t r e s i n t h e a r e a s u c h as: H r a b e n n e a n d K a m i o n k a Wołowska. I n his c o n c l u d i n g r e m a r k s , M r . G a j e r s k i quotes materials showing h o w the pottery centre i n Potylicz began to decline i n the 18th century, w h e n the p o t ­ ters — being b u r d e n e d too h e a v i l y w i t h duties — f l e d to n e i g h b o u r i n g v i l l a g e s . I t is p r o b a b l y i n t h i s w a y t h a t the n e w p o t t e r y centres i n Dziewięcierz. Hrabenne a n d K a m i o n k a Wołowska were formed. Ewa Fryś ŁAŃCUT - EXHIBITION OF FOLK ART IN A n e x h i b i t i o n of f o l k a r t , o r g a n i z e d b y t h e U n i o n of F o l k a n d A r t i s t i c I n d u s t r y C o o p e r a t i v e s CPLiA, w i t h t h e c o o p e r a t i o n of t h e „ J e d n o ś ć " Cooperative i n Pawłów, t h e „Zjednoczenie" Cooperative i n Janów Lubelski and the Folk A r t I n d u s t r y Cooperative i n Leżajsk, w a s o p e n e d i n Łańcut o n N o v e m b e r 1 2 t h , 1959. T h e e x h i b i t i o n w a s m a i n l y d e v o t e d t o f o l k e a r t h e n w a r e e x h i b i t e d on the occasion of t h e c o m ­ p e t i t i o n r u n b y C P L i A a n d t h e M i n i s t r y of C u l t u r e a n d A r t . T h e Rzeszów a n d L u b l i n p o t t e r y centres w e r e r e p r e s e n t e d , d i s p l a y i n g g r e y , ( f i g . 1) p a i n t e d a n d g l a z e d e a r t h e n w a r e . T h e r e w a s also q u i t e a r i c h s h o w of s c u l p t u r e s i n clay. T h e e x h i b i t i o n also i n c l u ­ d e d a d i s p l a y of t h e „ K o r o n k a " C o o p e r a t i v e i n B o ­ b o w a a n d a b i g show of decorative fabrics produced b y t h e „ P r z e m y s ł L u d o w y " C o o p e r a t i v e i n Leżajsk. T h e c o m p e t i t i o n , o n w h i c h t h e e x h i b i t i o n w a s based, was a i m e d at encouraging potters to produce earthen­ w a r e of great a r t i s t i c value, cleansed of n o n - f o l k influences. A t t h e s a m e t i m e as the exhibition a conference of t h e r e g i o n a l p u r c h a s e c e n t r e s of C P L i A w a s h e l d t o select a c e r t a i n n u m b e r of d e ­ s i g n s f o r sale i n P o l a n d a n d a b r o a d . Maria DERY Przeździecka I N RZESZÓW EXHIBITION OF EMBROI­ A n exhibition of historical embroideries on linen, d a t i n g back to the 16th- 18th centuries, was opened i n R z e s z ó w i n N o v e m b e r , 1959. I n h e r r e v i e w , t h e a u t h o r e s s , stresses t h e a p t s e l e c t i o n o f e x h i b i t s a n d t h e e x c e l l e n t a r r a n g e m e n t of t h e e x h i b i t i o n . A m o n g t h e 17 e m b r o i d e r i e s e x h i b i t e d , t h e o l d e s t dated back to the 16th a n d 17th centuries. T h e most valuable a n d rare e x h i b i t was a chalice cover f r o m Jarosław ( f i g . 1.), r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e m o s t t e c h n i c a l l y s k i l l e d t y p e of e m b r o i d e r y o f t h a t t i m e . Some of the 17th c e n t u r y e m b r o i d e r y on c h u r c h cloths shows a tendency t o w a r d s a s i m p l i f i c a t i o n of design. T h e authoress shows the development of these tendencies i n t h e 18th c e n t u r y embroideries ( f i g . 4.). �